Rigoberta Menchú
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, página 294
I don’t need to understand it to respect them. Respect is bigger than my little world. I’ve always known that it’s best to be modest and not get involved in the game of interpretations. Not get involved in the word game, or the war of definitions and concepts. Maybe that's because the indigenous were always misunderstood and many people thought that our being different was a good pretext for despising us.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, page 294.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, 1998, solapa.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, 1998, jacket cover.
Her first work outlines the intense suffering that Rigoberta has had to overcome in order to fight against injustice after losing so many members of her family and community, and then having to learn to communicate in Spanish to be able to tell her story. Her first book, Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú y así me nació la conciencia told her story and struggle, and focusedon Maya Quiché culture. In this novel Rigoberta tells more of her story and culture, but now she philosophizes about the needs of humanity, basing her beliefs on ancient Mayan teachings. One can sense how she has changed from the first novel to the second, having moved in international circles, fighting for justice every step of the way.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas is testimonial literature. This genre started back in the days of the conquest, when the Indians would tell the king of the injustices they were suffering in the hopes that he would better protect them. In war torn countries this type of literature is very necessary and common. It gives voice to the injustices suffered, it gives testimony. It’s not surprising that Rigoberta has chosen this genre. I wish I could quote the whole novel here. It is a heart moving book. Here are just a few excerpts.
Todos un Pueblo - All One People
The pervading feeling in Rigoberta Menchu’s writing is the need for all people to see their relationship to one another and respect one another. Ultimately we are all here for the same purpose, the pursuit of happiness. If we could take one another into consideration more often, injustice wouldn’t exist. Her writing exudes the need for compassion, love and understanding between all people, regardless of race, creed or socioeconomic level. It’s the old lesson from kindergarten about putting yourself in somebody else’s shoes. Some quotes from Rigoberta: la nieta de los mayas.
Nosotros siempre nos consideramos como una mazorca. Si a la mazorca le falta un grano, siempre se notará una ausencia, un espacio vacío, porque ese grano ocupa un lugar especial. Somos, a la vez, individuous y actores sociales. El actor social no puede confundir su papel con su importancia y su grandeza sólo por los títulos que posee, sino más bien por la sencillez, la humildad frente a los acontecimientos de una sociedad entera. Cuando se debe entender una herida en esa hermosa tierra quiché, la siento como una herida en el corazón de la humanidad, porque también el quiché es un grano en la mazorca de la humanidad. El mundo perdió esa sensibilidad y por eso ha permitido impunidad y por eso ha permitido miles de muertos y por eso ha permitido que la vida sea tan despreciada en ese corazón del quiché. Porque la humanidad no lo siente como su propia herida. Es lo mismo que Brasil o que El Salvador. No sentimos la herida de los kurdos como nuestra herida. Ocurre lo mismo con la tragedia de otros pueblos. La humanidad tiene que retomar esa sensibilidad para evitar guerras o conflictos. La cosmovisión indígena debe ser una aportación al pensamiento sagrado de la humanidad.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, página 163.
We always see ourselves as an ear of corn. If the ear of corn is missing one kernel, that absence will always be noticed. There’s an empty space, because that kernel has a special place. We are individuals and social activists at the same time. The social activist shouldn’t confuse his/her role as important and great because of the degrees he/she possesses, but rather according to the simplicity and humility with which he/she confronts the events of society as a whole. When there's a wound in that beautiful Quiché land, I feel it like a wound in the heart of humanity because the Quiché are also one grain in humanity's ear of corn. The world lost that sensitivity and that’s why impunity has been allowed, that’s why thousands of dead have been allowed, and that’s why the devaluation of life in the heart of the Quiché has been permitted. It's because humanity doesn’t feel it as its own wound. It’s the same as Brazil or El Salvador. We don’t feel the Kurds' wounds as our own wounds. The same thing happens with other people's tragedies. Humanity has to recover that sensitivity so they can avoid wars and conflicts. The indigenous cosmovision should contribute to humanity’s sacred thinking.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, page 163.
En octubre de 1982 tuve el privilegio de participar en la Conferencia Especial del Movimiento Indio Americano y del Consejo Internacional de los Tratados Indios. Esto fue en la Universidad de San Francisco (California), donde se realizó el primer tribunal de los indígenas de Estados Unidos. Allí conocí su temescal, el llamado Sweat Lodge. Para ellos, entrar en el temascal es para la purificación, para rezar, para convivir con la pipa, para venerar la grandeza de la vida. Es para pedir fuerza y coraje para seguir adelante, que es una prueba de amistad. Hacer pasar por su temascal a un extranjero como yo significa hacerlo pasar por una prueba y representa el afianzamiento de un mínimo de confianza. Si entre las personas no existe confianza, la vida no está completa, pero también por la confianza los han traicionado muchas veces. Ellos aprendieron a no confiar fácilmente. Ellos aprendieron a invocar al creador para purificar su amistad. El Sweat Lodge es para rezar juntos, para llamar al bien, para llenar la vida, venerar a los antepasados; es para purificar las relaciones, es hacer una comunión.
Yo sentía que ellos eran grandes personas. Los reconocí como maestros por su mística tan profunda, por su lucha y su resistencia. Sólo que a diario los querían aislar. Yo me daba cuenta del valor de Guatemala en esto. Porque nosotros, en Guatemala, somos muchos, y los indígenas andamos por todos lados. Somos la mayoría y nadie se extraña de eso. Estamos en las grandes ciudades, estamos en los cerros, en las montañas y a diario perfeccionamos nuestras obras. En cambio, allí era como la reafirmación de la resistencia. Fue la primera vez que los dirigentes, los ancianos y ancianas, los jóvenes de primeras naciones de Norteamérica escucharon la historia de nuestro pueblo en Guatemala. Lloraban muchos de ellos, sentían nuestro dolor como su propio dolor. Todo lo sentían como la realidad de su propia existencia.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, páginas 260-261.
In October of 1982 I had the privilege of participating in the Native American Indian Movement Special Conference and the International Counsel for Indian Treaties. This first tribunal of United States Indigenous peoples took place at the University of San Francisco (California). There I saw their temascal or sweat bath, the Sweat Lodge. For them, going into the Sweat Lodge is for purification, to pray, to coexist with the pipe, to venerate the greatness of life. It’s to ask for strength and courage to keep moving ahead, and it's a sign of their friendship. To allow a foreigner like me into their “temascal” is like submitting one to a test and it represents a fragile bond of trust. If there isn’t trust between people, life isn’t complete. But this trust has also caused their betrayal many times. They learned to invoke the creator to purify their friendship. The Sweat Lodge is for praying together, to call on all good, to fulfill life, to venerate the ancestors; it’s to purify relations, to make communion.
I felt they were great people. I recognized they are teachers because of their profound mysticism, their struggle, and their resistance. It's just that they were always trying to isolate them. I realized Guatemala’s strength in all this. Because we, in Guatemala, are many, and the indigenous are walking everywhere. We are the majority and nobody finds that strange. We are in the big cities, in the hills, in the mountains, and we perfect our work every day. However, there it was a reaffirmation of resistance. It was the first time that the organizers, the elders (both male and female), and the young people of the First Nations of North America heard our people’s story from Guatemala. Many of them cried, they felt our pain as their own pain. They felt it all as the reality of their own existence.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, pages 260-261.
Yo creo que, en cuanto existe un ser humano, hay un derecho humano. Independientemente de sus convicciones, independientemente de lo que sea, también como prisionero de guerra tiene el derecho a un tratamiento humano.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, página 282.
I believe that, where there’s a human being, there’s a human right. Regardless of his convictions, regardless of whatever it might be, a prisoner of war also has a right to be treated like a human being.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, page 282.
La Madre Naturaleza - Mother Earth
The connection with nature is another theme throughout this testimonial novel. One can sense that Rigoberta was raised in a mountain village and that she spent lots of time observing nature, learning from it and admiring the greatness of the everyday miracles present all around us. This connection to the earth and sky pervades Mayan temples and writings. The following quotes from Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas further explain this belief system.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, páginas 196-197.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, páginas 196-197.
Creo que nuestra gente vio al Universo sólo como una fuente de riquezas. Nunca sustituyó la mano creadora, la mano tierna por manos destructoras. Es distinto respetar a los animales, a los bichos de la madre Naturaleza como unos seres que deben compartir con los hombres y las mujeres, también el derecho a existir. No es una concepción romántica ni mucho menos una definición vacía. Cada vez que hablamos de nuestra madre Tierra, de nuestra madre Naturaleza, todo es memoria. Toda una cultura poseedora de los más sagrados valores de la humanidad. Los pueblos indígenas, en buena medida, guardamos el sagrado derecho de la colectividad, el sagrado derecho de la comunidad como fuente de equilibrio. Es necesario observar el equilibrio de los derechos individuales y los derechos colectivos, y también el equilibrio de las obligaciones individuales y las obligaciones colectivas. Yo recuerdo que papá siempre mencionaba esto con sencillas palabras. Estoy segura de que nuestra gente ha perdido grandes valores de nuestros abuelos, pero nunca será comparable con lo que han perdido otras culturas.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, página 213.
I think that our people saw the Universe solely as a source of riches. They never replaced the creative, tender hand with destructive hands. It’s different to respect Mother Nature’s animals and bugs as beings that share the right to exist with men and women. It’s not a romantic notion, nor is it an empty definition. Whenever we speak of our mother Earth, of our mother Nature, it is all memory. It’s all part of a culture possessing the most sacred values in humanity. Indigenous peoples, to a great extent, hold the collective's sacred right, the community's sacred right which is a source of equilibrium. Respecting the balance of individual rights and collective rights is necessary, as is the equilibrium of individual obligations and collective obligations. I remember Dad always talked about this in very simple terms. I’m sure our people have lost great values from our grandparents, but it will never be comparable to what other cultures have lost.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, page 213.
La concepción indígena es como una madre viva. No es un ser inerte al que se le puede destruir. Todo aquel que viola sus leyes, sus principios, tiene que atenerse a sus consecuencias, porque reacciona como un ser vivo. Eso está en las leyes de la misma mentalidad y en los consejos de nuestros abuelos. Decía mi abuelo que el día en que los hombres y las mujeres violen nuestro universo se encontrarán con signos y mensajes, y los mensajes iban a ser muy contundentes. Los mensajes iban a ser de mucho castigo.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, página 216.
The Indigenous conception is that of a living mother. It’s not an inert being that can be destroyed. All that goes against its laws, its principles, has to answer to its consequences because it reacts like a living being. That is in the laws of mindfulness and in the advice from our grandparents. My grandfather used to say that the day men and women violate our universe they will be met with signs and messages, and the messages were going to be very conclusive. The messages were going to be of great punishment.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, page 216.
Nuestra niñez fue diferente. Aprendimos a jugar con las cosas de la Naturaleza. Me da una sensación de maravilla. Una fuerza muy grande. Recuerdo la sensación de frío, los tiempos cuando se multiplicaban los hongos. Recorríamos la inmensa selva para buscar una clase de hongo, el más fino, el que parecía pechuga de pollo. El moo’ era nuestro equivalente de la carne. Simplemente era una delicia que podíamos darnos el lujo de saborearlo cuando era su época. En el camino siempre encontrábamos slip, xikin mam, raq masat, otra gran variedad de hongos para preparar cualquier plato sabroso. ¡Tanto frío que hace!
Recuerdo el lodo en los pies mojados, las patas rajadas como nos decían en el pueblo. En tiempo de lluvia se sufre mucho de infecciones en los pies. Era muy doloroso pues había que quemarlos permanentemente, porque mañana había que continuar descalzos en la humedad, en el frío y en el lodo. Cuando hacía sol por una semana, mamá nos curaba en tan poco tiempo que nos dejaba nuevos para empezar. Ella era curandera, comadrona y partera. Nos enseñó el xew’xew para curar malestares, mal de ojo; saq ixoq para los fuertes dolores de estómago; los tallos tiernos de la hoja de chilacayote para quemar las heridas del lodo en los pies. Nunca faltó k’a q’eyes para atacar la gripe, el resfriado, la fiebre o saq ixoq para curar el dolor de estómago por el frío o por no comer a tiempo.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, páginas 117-118.
Our childhood was different. We learned to play with the things in Nature. Nature is amazing. A very immense force. I remember feeling the cold, and the season when mushrooms grew in abundance. We would walk all over the jungle looking for one type of mushroom, the finest, the one that tasted like chicken breast. The moo’ was like meat for us. It was a delicacy that we could indulge in and savor when it was in season. During our search we always found slip, xixin, mam, raq masat, other great varieties of mushrooms to make any type of flavorful dish. It was so cold!
I remember the mud on our wet feet, they called us the cracked feet in the village. During the rainy season there are many kinds of feet infections. It was very painful as we were constantly having to burn them, because tomorrow we had to keep on going barefoot through the humidity, cold and mud. When it was sunny for a week, mom would cure us in so little time that we were like new, ready to start over again. She was a healer and midwife and assisted with births. She showed us the xew’ xew for curing malaise and evil eye; saq ixoqfor bad stomach aches; the tender stalks of the chilacayote leaf to burn the sores from the mud on our feet. We always had k’a q’eyes to counter the flu, colds and fever or saq ixoq to cure stomach aches caused by the cold or from not eating on time.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, pages 117-118.
Los sueños, en nuestras vidas, son misterios tan profundos que no podemos despojarnos de ellos. Sólo los animales pueden ver algo que existe más allá de los humanos. A veces miro a los mismos pájaros, en una gran ciudad, quizá metidos en jaulas en un hotel y no sé qué pensar, si me da la misma sensación de miedo que en Chimel. Pienso que los seres que viven en la ciudad son tan extraños que no se conocen unos con otros. Cuando salí de Chimel creo que traje costales suficientes como para cargar con recuerdos tan grandes. Con mi hermanito, contemplábamos durante horas y horas cómo los zompopos corrían de un lado a otro almacenando sus alimentos, construyendo su casa común. Unos vienen, otros van, todos cargando lo necesario para su comunidad. Daba la impresión que se saludaban en el camino. Cuando miro una gran ciudad me recuerdo de esas hormigas, sólo que ellas no se matan entre sí. No son peligrosas y tal vez no son rencorosas. Tal vez, más organizadas que nosotros. No las pienso todos los días, sino que me vienen a la mente espontáneamente. Simple y sencillamente están conmigo. Es la sombra que me acompaña.
Las culturas milenarias siempre reconocieron aquellas fuentes de energía de la madre Tierra y que son imposibles de estudiar y conocer a fondo. Por ejemplo, para nosotros, las abejas son muy sagradas porque son feroces, son animales que pican y a una picazón de cien abejas es seguro que nadie puede sobrevivir. Pero son dulces como la miel. Es decir, es un animal feroz y siempre vive en comunidad, en colectivo. Hay muchos mitos alrededor de las abejas. Se dice que las abejas que viven en las áreas más lejanas, sin químicos, sin domesticación, sin lesiones a las propias reglas de la naturaleza, se parecen mucho a la familia, a la integridad familiar y a la integridad de la comunidad.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, páginas 119-120.
Dreams, in our lives, are mysteries that are so deep we can’t escape them. Only animals can see something that exists beyond human beings. Sometimes I look at birds, in a big city, in a cage in a hotel and I don’t know what to think, and I have that same feeling of fear that I had in Chimel. I think that the beings who live in the city are so odd that they don’t even know each other. When I left Chimel I think I brought such big bags so I could carry all the memories I had. My little brother and I would spend hours contemplating the way the leaf-cutter ants would run from place to place gathering up their food, building their common house. Some are coming, others are going, all of them carrying what they need for their community. It seemed like they greeted one another on the path. When I see a big city it reminds me of those ants, except that they don’t kill each other. They aren’t dangerous and they aren’t so resentful. Maybe they’re more organized than we are. I don’t think about them every day, but rather they just come to mind allof a sudden. Simply stated, they are with me. It’s the shadow that accompanies me.
The millenary cultures always recognized the sources of energy from Mother Earth and that they are impossible to study and master. For example, for us, bees are very sacred because they're ferocious, they're animals that sting and no one can survive a sting from a hundred bees. But they are as sweet as honey. I mean, it’s a ferocious animal but it always lives in a community, in a collective. There are many myths about the bees. They say that the bees that live in the remotest areas, without chemicals, without domestication, without disruptions of their laws of nature, look like a family, like an integrated family and an integrated community.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, pages 119-120.
Breaking the Silence
This collection of personal observations, community stories and a recounting of the past are characteristic of testimonial literature, a literature that tells the other side of a story and gives another perspective of historical events. By telling her story, her childhood and her recollection of events, Rigoberta breaks the silence of the indigenous people. She was criticized for her first book when David Stoll, a journalist, pointed out that many of the anecdotes never happened in her life. After reading about the collective nature of Mayan storytelling and culture, it would seem strange that such accusations, based entirely on a Western perspective of publication rights, could seep into the press in an intent to damage her validity as a Nobel Peace Prize recipient. I personally see this as a feeble intent to silence the voice of the indigenous people of Guatemala who make up the majority, yet live with the least amount of resources. It seems to me that she is speaking out for the Guatemalan people who have been silenced with fear and poverty for too long. This sudden voice portrays her reality in vivid colors and tones, telling a story that many have ignored or haven’t pondered. Much like the Latino and Latina literature in the United States, telling this story gives back one's identity and culture in all its wealth and beauty, showing its part in the whole picture. Rigoberta stresses this need to know ones culture and past, and to value and respect who you are and where you come from.
Lastly, while traveling in Guatemala one is immersed in a world of colors and designs. Words can’t describe all the textiles and colors on display in the different regional dress that you constantly see on the street or path. In San Antonio de Aguas Calientes there’s a museum of huipiles, the woven blouses the Mayan women wear. These can take up to three years to make, and each region has its specific designs and colors. The owner of this small museum, Carolina de Guarán, told me that she had traveled all over showing her collection at international fairs. She was dressed in a huipil from her region that has birds woven into the fabric and is reversible!!!!! Absolutely incredible, like wearing a painting. I was curious, imagining her in her huipil in international airports, so I asked her if she wore her dress on the plane and all. Her answer was a vehement “of course!” She told me she feels funny and like somebody else when she wears Western clothing. She said she doesn’t feel like herself and that it's such a strange feeling. For her it’s not dressing up to show her heritage at an international fair, it’s being who she is because that’s how she feels comfortable.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, Rigoberta Menchú, página 178.
Rigoberta: La nieta de los mayas, page 178.